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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

GPR systems radiate short pulses of high-frequency EM energy into the ground from a transmitting antenna. This EM wave propagates in the ground at a velocity that is primarily a function of the relative dielectric permittivity of subsurface materials. When this wave encounters the interface of two materials having different dielectric properties, a portion of the energy is reflected back to the surface, where it is detected by a receiver antenna and transmitted to a control unit for processing and viewing. Depth penetration is a function of antenna frequency and the electrical conductivity of the

EM Systems

EM utility locators trace metallic pipes and utility cables and are used to clear the area before digging or drilling. These utility locators consist of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter emits a radio-frequency EM field and induced secondary fields nearby metallic pipes and cables. The receiver detects these fields and is used to accurately locate and trace the pipes, often to distances over 200 feet from the transmitter. Modern utility locators are also capable of providing rough depth estimates of the pipes.